Spectrometer with active beam steering

ABSTRACT

A spectrometer includes a light source that emits a beam into a sample volume comprising an absorbing medium. Thereafter, at least one detector detects at least a portion of the beam emitted by the light source. It is later determined, based on the detected at least a portion of the beam and by a controller, that a position and/or an angle of the beam should be changed. The beam emitted by the light source is then actively steered by an actuation element under control of the controller. In addition, a concentration of the absorbing media can be quantified or otherwise calculated (using the controller or optionally a different processor that can be local or remote). The actuation element(s) can be coupled to one or more of the light source, a detector or detectors, and a reflector or reflectors intermediate the light source and the detector(s).

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

The present application is a Continuation-in-Part Application of andclaims the priority benefit of U.S. patent application Ser. No.14/466,819, filed on Aug. 22, 2014, and of U.S. patent application Ser.No. 15/730,548, filed on Oct. 11, 2017, the disclosures of which areincorporated herein by reference in their entireties for all purposes.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The subject matter described herein relates to spectroscopic analyzersin which a beam emitted by a light source is selectively steerable usinga controller.

BACKGROUND

Spectrometers use light emission or absorption or Raman scattering bymatter to qualify and quantify specific atoms and molecules in analysisof gas, solid or liquid phase compounds. In one case, the radiationemitted from a light source is absorbed with a particular energydetermined by optical transitions occurring within the atoms, ions ormolecules of an analyte. In another case, the light emitted by atoms,ions or molecules of the analyte is composed of spectral components ofparticular energy, which are determined by optical transitions withinthe atoms or molecules. In yet another case, light scattered by mattercontains spectral components which are created by Raman scattering,corresponding to certain particular transitions in molecules or ions.For example, in infrared absorption spectroscopy, discrete energy quantaare absorbed by molecules due to excitation of vibrational or rotationaltransitions of the intra-molecular bonds.

Variations in environmental conditions as well as aging or fouling ofreflector surfaces in a spectrometer sample cell, or replacement offouled or deteriorated reflector surfaces can cause a beam path of alight source within a spectrometer to change over time or as a result ofchanging a reflector. Changes of the beam path in an opticalspectrometer can invalidate the spectrometer calibration. In most cases,such spectrometers require factory calibration of at least a sample cellor replacement by a skilled technician. Such service calls and factoryrepairs are costly and result in downtime for the spectrometer and theoperation it controls, while such repairs are being performed. This is acommon problem today with conventional TDL (tunable diode laser)spectrometers which require a factory calibration of the sample cellwhen at least one reflector in the cell has to be replaced due tofouling or due to other deterioration of a reflecting surface. Thefactory turn-around time of such a sample cell repair and replacementhas been precluding TDL spectrometers being used in many petrochemicalproduction processes, such as ethylene and propylene production, due tounavoidable reactor upset conditions, which result in liquids flowingthrough sample cells and leaving damaging residue on reflectors.

SUMMARY

In one aspect, an apparatus is provided that includes a light source, atleast one detector, an actuation element, and a controller coupled tothe actuation element. The light source is configured to emit a beaminto a sample volume comprising an absorbing medium. The at least onedetector is positioned to detect at least a portion of the beam emittedby the light source. The actuation element is configured to selectivelycause the beam emitted by the light source to be steered. Concentrationlevels of the absorbing medium and the like can be determined based onthe signal intensity detected by the at least one detector. In somevariations, there can be two or more actuation elements.

The actuation element can be coupled to the light source, the at leastone detector, a reflector intermediate the light source and thedetector, and/or to at least one transmissive or reflective opticalelement intermediate the light source and the at least one detector. Theactuation element can be coupled to a reflector and is configured toselectively cause at least one reflective property of the reflector tochange.

The absorbing medium can be one or more of: gas, liquid, reflectivemedia, emitting media, or Raman active media.

The apparatus can include a housing defining a sample volume. Such ahousing can be, for example, a multiple-pass configuration in which thelight is reflected between one or more optically reflective mirrorswhile the light remains inside the sample cell, a multiple-passconfiguration in which the light is reflected and/or refracted by one ormore optical elements while the light remains inside the sample cell, aHerriot Cell, an on-axis optical resonator, an elliptical lightcollector, an at least one reflection multipass cell, an off-axisoptical resonator, a White cell, an optical cavity, a hollow core lightguide, or a single pass configuration in which the light is not beingreflected while the light remains inside the sample cell.

In other variations, the sample volume forms part of an open pathsystem.

The actuation element can include at least one piezo element. In othervariations, the actuation element includes one or more: stepper motors,electro-optical actuators, acousto-optical actuators, an adjustableoptical waveguide, a micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) actuationdevices, a light valve, an inch-worm, a mechanical actuator, a magneticactuator, an electrostatic actuator, an inductive actuator, a rotaryactuator, a heated actuator, a pressure actuator, a stress and strainactuator, or an analog motor.

In some variations, the actuation element can include or be coupled toone or more of a prism, an etalon, a lens, gratings, a diffractiveoptical element, a reflector, a birefringent element, a crystal element,an amorphous element, an electro-optic element, an acousto-opticelement, an optical window, an optical wedge, a waveguide, anelectrically manipulated waveguide, or an air waveguide.

The controller can cause the light source to steer the beam in responseto a position and/or an angle that such beam is detected by at least onedetector. The beam (in response to signals from the controller) can besteered to a pre-defined position and angle along the at least onedetector.

The at least one detector can include an array of photoreceivers and/orit can be a multi-element photoreceiver. The at least one detector caninclude at least one position sensing photodiode.

The light source can include at least one of a tunable diode laser, atunable semiconductor laser, a quantum cascade laser, an intra-bandcascade laser (ICL) a vertical cavity surface emitting laser (VCSEL), ahorizontal cavity surface emitting laser (HCSEL), a distributed feedbacklaser, a light emitting diode (LED), a super-luminescent diode, anamplified spontaneous emission (ASE) source, a gas discharge laser, aliquid laser, a solid state laser, a fiber laser, a color center laser,an incandescent lamp, a discharge lamp, a thermal emitter, or a devicecapable of generating frequency tunable light through nonlinear opticalinteractions.

The at least one detector can include at least one of an indium galliumarsenide (InGaAs) detector, an indium arsenide (InAs) detector, anindium phosphide (InP) detector, a silicon (Si) detector, a silicongermanium (SiGe) detector, a germanium (Ge) detector, a mercury cadmiumtelluride detector (HgCdTe or MCT), a lead sulfide (PbS) detector, alead selenide (PbSe) detector, a thermopile detector, a multi-elementarray detector, a single element detector, a CMOS (complementary metaloxide semiconductor) detector, a CCD (charge coupled device detector)detector, or a photo-multiplier.

In another aspect, a light source emits a beam into a sample volumecomprising an absorbing medium. Thereafter, at least one detectordetects at least a portion of the beam emitted by the light source. Itis then determined, based on the detected at least a portion of the beamand by a controller, that a position and/or an angle of the beam shouldbe changed. An actuation element under control of a controller thencauses the beam emitted by the light source to be selectively steered.

The actuation element can be coupled to the light source and cause aposition and/or an angle of the light source to change. The actuationelement can be coupled to the at least one detector and cause a position(along one or more of an x-axis, a y-axis, and a z-axis) and/or an angle(along one or more of an x-axis, a y-axis, and a z-axis) of the at leastone detector to change. The actuation element can be coupled to at leastone reflector positioned intermediate the light source and the at leastone detector and cause a reflective property of the at least onereflector to change, including but not limited to angle, surface figureor radius of curvature and the like. The actuation element can beintermediate the light source and the at least one detector.

The actuation element can be coupled to at least one of a transmissiveor reflective optical element intermediate the light source and the atleast one detector. The actuation element in some variations can becoupled to two or more of: (i) the light source, (ii) the at least onedetector, (iii) at least one reflector, or (iv) the at least onetransmissive or reflective light beam actuation element intermediate thelight source and the at least one detector.

Beam steering as provided herein can include (unless otherwisespecified) changing an overall beam path length. For example, the atleast one actuation element can cause one or more of a reflector, thelight source, a transmissive element, the at least one detector totranslate along a z-axis to change the overall beam path length.

In another aspect, a light source is caused to emit a beam into a samplevolume comprising an absorbing medium. Thereafter, a signal is receivedfrom at least one detector that characterizes detection of at least aportion of the beam emitted by the light source. It is then determined,based on the received signal, that a position and/or an angle of thebeam should be changed. In response, an actuation element is caused toselectively steer the beam emitted by the light source.

The subject matter described herein provides many technical advantages.For example, degradation of spectrometer calibration fidelity andcalibration offsets due to age and environmental factors or due toreflector exchanges can be greatly reduced by selectively steering thebeam(s) which are emitted by a light source or which are received by adetector to ensure optimal performance and calibration fidelity. Inparticular, with the current subject matter spectrometers can berepaired in the field by replacing fouled or damaged components, withoutneed for factory realignment and recalibration. Furthermore, byproviding active beam steering, the current subject matter can be usedto maintain optimum optical throughput through a spectrometer therebyextending an amount of time required between cleaning intervals.Furthermore, active beam steering as provided herein can be used tocounter external influences such as temperature changes in the samplegas and/or the environment, thermal expansion, index changes, Schliereneffects, and the like which can cause the beam path to alter.

Non-transitory computer program products (i.e., physically embodiedcomputer program products) are also described that store instructions,which when executed by one or more data processors of one or morecomputing systems, causes at least one data processor to performoperations herein. Similarly, computer systems are also described thatmay include one or more data processors and memory coupled to the one ormore data processors. The memory may temporarily or permanently storeinstructions that cause at least one processor to perform one or more ofthe operations described herein. In addition, methods can be implementedby one or more data processors either within a single computing systemor distributed among two or more computing systems. Such computingsystems can be connected and can exchange data and/or commands or otherinstructions or the like via one or more connections, including but notlimited to a connection over a network (e.g. the Internet, a wirelesswide area network, a local area network, a wide area network, a wirednetwork, or the like), via a direct connection between one or more ofthe multiple computing systems, etc.

The details of one or more variations of the subject matter describedherein are set forth in the accompanying drawings and the descriptionbelow. Other features and advantages of the subject matter describedherein will be apparent from the description and drawings, and from theclaims. It should be noted that the current subject matter contemplatesboth a closed sample cell and an open path system for detecting tracegases and/or liquids. The terms “sample gas volume”, “gas volume”,“sample liquid volume” and “liquid volume” as used herein thereforerefers to either a flowing volume or a static, batch volume of gas orliquid (as the case may be).

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated in and constitute apart of this specification, show certain aspects of the subject matterdisclosed herein and, together with the description, help explain someof the principles associated with the disclosed implementations. In thedrawings,

FIG. 1 is a process flow diagram illustrating selective steering of abeam within a spectrometer;

FIG. 2 is a diagram illustrating a first spectrometer with a samplecell;

FIG. 3 is a diagram illustrating a second spectrometer with a samplecell;

FIG. 4 is a diagram illustrating a third spectrometer with a samplecell;

FIG. 5 is a diagram illustrating a first open path spectrometer;

FIG. 6 is a diagram illustrating a second open path spectrometer;

FIG. 7 is a diagram illustrating a third open path spectrometer;

FIG. 8 is a diagram illustrating a fourth open path spectrometer; and

FIG. 9 is a diagram illustrating a fifth open path spectrometer.

When practical, similar reference numbers denote similar structures,features, or elements.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

To address the aforementioned and other potential issues due to beamposition sensitivity with spectroscopic measurements, implementations ofthe current subject matter can provide a spectrometer having a lightsource with the ability to actively steer its beam(s) or a portionthereof on its path through a measurement sample onto a detector. Asused herein (unless otherwise specified), steering refers to changingthe angle of the beam path, the length of the beam path, and/or aposition or angle of a device forming part of a spectrometer. Gas and/orliquid sampled from a source can include absorbing media (e.g., one ormore analyte compounds, etc.). Detection and/or quantification of theconcentration of such absorbing media can be performed by spectroscopicanalysis. The spectrometer can include at least one actuation elementthat causes a beam path of the beam(s) emitted by the light source tochange as specified by a controller. In some variations, the system caninclude spatial detectors/detector arrays so that a control unit candetermine a spatial and/or an angular position of the beam and cause theactuation element to make any required changes.

Analyte compounds with which implementations of the current subjectmatter can be used include, all gas, liquid and solid phase atoms,molecules and ions, which absorb light, but are not limited to, hydrogensulfide (H₂S); hydrogen chloride (HCl); water vapor (H₂O); hydrogenfluoride (HF); hydrogen cyanide (HCN); hydrogen bromide (HBr); ammonia(NH₃); arsine (AsH₃); phosphine (PH₃); oxygen (O₂); carbon monoxide(CO); carbon dioxide (CO₂); chlorine (Cl₂); nitrogen (N2), hydrogen(H2); hydrocarbons, including but not limited to methane (CH4), ethane(C2H6), ethylene (C2H4), acetylene(C2H2), etc.; fluorocarbons;chlorocarbons; alcohols; ketons; aldehydes; acids, bases and the like.

FIG. 1 is a process flow diagram 100 in which, at 110, a light sourceemits a beam into a sample volume comprising an absorbing medium.Thereafter, at 120, at least one detector detects at least a portion ofthe beam emitted by the light source. It is later determined, at 130,based on the detected at least a portion of the beam and by acontroller, that a position and/or of the beam as detected by thedetector should be changed. The beam emitted by the light source isthen, at 140, actively steered by at least one actuation element undercontrol of the controller. In addition, a concentration of the absorbingmedia can be quantified or otherwise calculated (using the controller oroptionally a different processor that can be local or remote). Theactuation element(s) can be coupled to one or more of the light source,a detector or detectors, and a reflector or reflectors intermediate thelight source and the detector(s) (although it will be appreciated that areflector is not required for all variations).

FIGS. 2-7 are diagrams 200-700 that show example spectrometers forimplementing the current subject matter. While the following isdescribed in connection with detecting absorbing media within gas, itwill be appreciated that the current subject matter can also be appliedto detecting absorbing media within liquid. A light source 205 providesa continuous or pulsed light that is directed to a detector 210 via apath length 215. The light source 205 can include, for example, one ormore of a tunable diode laser, a tunable semiconductor laser, a quantumcascade laser, an intra-band cascade laser (ICL), a vertical cavitysurface emitting laser (VCSEL), a horizontal cavity surface emittinglaser (HCSEL), a distributed feedback laser, a light emitting diode(LED), a super-luminescent diode, an amplified spontaneous emission(ASE) source, a gas discharge laser, a liquid laser, a solid statelaser, a fiber laser, a color center laser, an incandescent lamp, adischarge lamp, a thermal emitter, and the like. The detector 210 caninclude, for example, one or more of an indium gallium arsenide (InGaAs)detector, an indium arsenide (InAs) detector, an indium phosphide (InP)detector, a silicon (Si) detector, a silicon germanium (SiGe) detector,a germanium (Ge) detector, a mercury cadmium telluride detector (HgCdTeor MCT), a lead sulfide (PbS) detector, a lead selenide (PbSe) detector,a thermopile detector, a multi-element array detector, a single elementdetector, a photo-multiplier, a CMOS (complementary metal oxidesemiconductor) detector, a CCD (charge coupled device detector) detectorand the like.

The path length 215 can traverse one or more volumes. In the examplesystems 200-500 shown in FIGS. 2-7, the path length 215 can twicetraverse a volume 220 of an optical cell 225 that includes a window orother at least partially radiation transmissive surface 230 and areflector (e.g., a mirror, etc.) 235 or other at least partiallyradiation reflective surface that at least partially defines the volume220. Sample gas can, in some implementations, be obtained from a gassource, which in the examples of FIGS. 2 and 3 is a pipeline 240, fordelivery to the volume 220, for example via a sample extraction port orvalve 245 that receives the sample gas from the source. Gas in thevolume 220 can exit via a second outlet valve or port 250.

As illustrated in FIGS. 2-4, in some variations, the volume 220 can bepart of a housing that defines a sample cell that can be, for example,one or more of a Herriott Cell, an off-axis optical resonator, anon-axis optical resonator, an elliptical light collector, a White cell,an optical cavity, a hollow core light guide, a multiple passconfiguration in which the light beam is reflected at least once or asingle pass configuration in which the light is not being reflectedwhile the light traverses the sample cell. In other variations, asillustrated in FIGS. 5-7, the volume 220 can be part of an open pathsystem that does not include a dedicated sample cell. Open path systemscan be used for various applications including atmospheric pollutantstudies, fence line monitoring, process line/tank leak detection,industrial gas-purity applications, and monitoring and control ofcombustion processes, for example, on emission exhaust stacks. The openpath system may be employed on a process line or container, for examplebut not limited to, a process pipeline, tube channel, duct, stack, tank,container or the like. A process line or container is differentiatedfrom a sample volume defined by a sample cell separate from the processline or container (e.g., a bypass), as described herein. Open pathsystems may further be employed for ambient monitoring of open areas(e.g., line-of-sight applications).

FIG. 8 illustrates a further embodiment of a spectrometer system 800configured for an open path system, in which at least a portion of theopen volume 220 is within the optical cell 225, through which theabsorbing medium to be measured may flow or be contained. In the system800, the path length 215 may include one pass through the volume 220. Insuch an embodiment, the optical cell 225 includes both the window orother at least partially radiation transmissive surface 230 (i.e., thefirst window 230) and a second window or other at least partiallyradiation transmissive surface 236 opposite the first window 230 alongthe path length 215. The first window 230 and second window 236 at leastpartially define the volume 220. As will be understood, the secondwindow 236 need not be horizontally opposed, as shown in FIG. 8, but canbe disposed along the path length 215. In at least one embodiment, thesecond window 236 may be a purge window for the volume 220.

In an alternative embodiment of an open path spectrometer system, thelight source 205 and detector 210 may be disposed within the volume 220.In such an embodiment, the path length 215 may not include the window orother at least partially radiation transmissive surface 230 or thesecond window or other at least partially radiation transmissive surface236. Alternatively, the path length 215 may include the reflector,mirror or other at least partially radiation reflective surface 235,such that the light source 205 may be disposed adjacent the detector210.

As shown in FIG. 8, the detector 210 can be positioned adjacent thesecond window 236, outside the volume 220. The first window 230 andsecond window 236 enable light emitted by the light source 205 to travelthe path length 215 in one traverse across the volume 220 to thedetector 210. As in the embodiments of FIGS. 2-7, the detector 210 is incommunication with the controller 255. The detector 210 may communicatewith the controller 255 over wired communications links, wirelesscommunications links, or any combination thereof. As shown in FIG. 8,the actuation element 260 (or two or more actuation elements 260) can becoupled to the light source 205 in communication with the controller255. In alternative embodiments, the actuation element 260 (or two ormore actuation elements 260) can be coupled to the detector 210 or canbe placed intermediate the light source 205 and the detector 210 and/orto intersect the path length 215, as shown in the embodiments of FIGS. 3and 6.

FIG. 9 illustrates a further embodiment of a spectrometer system 900configured for an open path system. The system 900 includes the detector210 (i.e., the first detector 210), a second detector 212 and a beamsplitting element 262. The beam splitting element 262 may be disposed inthe path length 215 between the volume 220 (e.g., the second window 236)and the first detector 210 and the second detector 212. In at least oneembodiment, the beam splitting element 262 is configured and disposed asto split the beam emitted by the light source 205 such that some lightis directed to the first detector 210 and some to the second detector212. In such an embodiment, one of the detectors 210, 212 may be used tomeasure absorption of the light emitted by the light source 205 (e.g., aconcentration of the absorbing media can be quantified) and the other ofthe detectors 210, 212 may be used to measure a position and/orintensity level of the light emitted by the light source 205 (i.e., thebeam). The detector used to measure absorption may be referred to as themeasuring detector, and the detector used to measure position and/orintensity level may be referred to as the position sensitive detector.The measuring detector and the position sensitive detector may be thesame type of detector, or they may be different types, each adaptedspecifically for measurement or position sensitive detection,respectively. For example, the position sensitive detector may be a quadcell detector and/or a position sensing photodiode, or a linear or 2Darray of photoreceivers, as described further herein.

The spectrometer systems of FIGS. 8 and 9 enable active beam steeringacross relatively large path lengths 215, including boundaries of areasto be monitored and defined in the ambient environment. Sufficientalignment of the light source 205 and detector 210 may be difficult overrelatively large distances, such as a 40-foot diameter exhaust stack, asjust one non-limiting example. Over such distances, external influencessuch as temperature changes in the sample gas and/or the environment,thermal expansion, index changes, Schlieren effects, and the like cancause the beam path to alter. In certain applications, access to bothsides of an open path system may be limited due to the physicalconstraints of the pipe, line, tank, stack, etc. in which thespectrometer system is employed. In certain applications, the severityof the environment, for example corrosiveness, within the volume 220 mayrender a reflector, mirror or other at least partially radiationreflective surface, such as the reflector 235, unsuitable. Thespectrometer systems of FIGS. 8 and 9 enable alignment and calibrationin such applications, thereby enabling measuring absorbing media inapplications not previously suitable for such measurements. One suchapplication is a cross-stack arrangement across an exhaust stack of aplant; another is line-of-sight monitoring of an area bounding a plantfacility.

A controller 255, which can include one or more programmable processorsor the like, can communicate with one or more of the light source 205,the detector 210, and the reflector 235 for controlling the emission ofthe light 215 and receiving signals generated by the detector 210 thatare representative of the intensity of light impinging on the detector210 as a function of wavelength. In various implementations, thecontroller 255 can be a single unit that performs both of controllingthe light source 205 and receiving signals from the detector 210, or itcan be more than one unit across which these functions are divided.Communications between the controller 255 or controllers and the lightsource 205 and detector 210 can be over wired communications links,wireless communications links, or any combination thereof. Thecontroller 255 can also, in some cases, be used to quantify an amount ofabsorbing media using the signal generated by the detector 210. In othervariations, the quantification can be determined by at least one remotedata processor.

An actuation element 260 (or two or more actuation elements 260) can becoupled to one or more of (i) the light source 205, (ii) the detector210, or (iii) the reflector 235, and the controller 255. The controller255 can send a signal to the actuation element 260 to cause it toselectively steer (i.e., change trajectory of, etc.) the beam emitted bythe light source 205 as detected by the detector 210. In somevariations, the actuation element 260 can be any device that causes aposition of the light source 205 to physically move and/or its beamangle to physically change (and as such the actuation element 260 is notintermediate either of the beam path, on one hand, and the light source205 and the detector 210, on the other hand). For example, with thisvariation, the actuation element 260 can be/include at least one piezoactuator element, an inch-worm, a mechanical actuator, a magneticactuator, an electrostatic actuator, an inductive actuator, a rotaryactuator, a heated actuator, a pressure actuator, a stress and strainactuator, an analog motor, a stepper motor, an electro-optical actuator,an acousto-optical actuator, an adjustable wave guide and/or amicro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) actuation device. Such actuationelements 260 can cause at least a portion of the light source 205 tomove along the x-axis, the y-axis, the z-axis (or a combination of twoor more dimensions). With this variation, location of the beam origin(laser location) can be changed with respect to the sample cell (havingan entrance hole and an exit hole).

In some variations, the actuation element 260 can be any device thatcauses a position and/or the angle of the detector 210 to physicallymove (and as such the actuation element 260 is not intermediate eitherof the beam path, on one hand, and the light source 205 and the detector210, on the other hand). For example, with this variation, the actuationelement 260 can be/include at least one piezo actuator element, aninch-worm, a mechanical actuator, a magnetic actuator, an electrostaticactuator, an inductive actuator, a rotary actuator, a heated actuator, apressure actuator, a stress and strain actuator, an analog motor, astepper motor, an electro-optical actuator, an acousto-optical actuator,an adjustable waveguide and/or a micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS)actuation device. Such actuation elements 260 can cause at least aportion of the detector 210 to move along the x-axis, the y-axis, thez-axis (or a combination of two or more dimensions). Movement along thez-axis can cause the overall beam length to be changed (reduced orincreased).

In addition or in the alternative (as shown in FIGS. 3 and 6), theactuation element 260 can be placed intermediate the light source 205and the detector 210 and/or to intersect the beam path. With such anarrangement, the actuation element 260 can be any device/element thatoptically causes at least a portion of the beam emitted by the lightsource 205 to selectively move and/or change its beam angle (in somecases without moving the light source 205). With this latter variation,the actuation element 260 can be/include/be coupled to at least one of aprism, an etalon, a lens and/or gratings, a diffractive optical element,a reflector, a birefringent element, a crystal element, an amorphouselement an electro-optic element, an acousto-optic element, an opticalwindow, an optical wedge, and a waveguide such as an electricallymanipulated waveguide (e.g., solid state waveguides in which refractiveindex patterns can be changed by applying localized electrical fieldsand/or currents, etc.) or an air waveguide. With regard to the latter,an air waveguide refers to manipulation of the refractive index of airusing one or more lasers or other light sources (for example, byselectively pulsing the laser(s) to heat air, etc.) which can, in turn,be used for beam steering. Some or all of the actuation elements 260 canmove in at least one of x-axis, the y-axis, or the z-axis.

As described above, in some variations, the reflector(s) 235 can betranslated in x,y, and/or z direction or its angle can be changed withrespect to the incident light beam and/or their reflective properties,including but not limited to radius of curvature and surface figure atthe location of the incident light beam can change to steer the beamemitted by the light source 205. For example, an actuation element 260can be/include at least one piezo actuator element, an inch-worm, amechanical actuator, a magnetic actuator, an electrostatic actuator, aninductive actuator, a rotary actuator, a heated actuator, a pressureactuator, a stress and strain actuator, an analog motor, a steppermotor, an electro-optical actuator, an acousto-optical actuator, anadjustable waveguide and/or a micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS)actuation device can cause the position and/or the angle of thereflector 235 to change (which in turn changes the position of the beampath). In other cases, the reflector 235 can comprise adaptive opticshaving actuable reflecting surfaces. Such an adaptive optical elementcan be a reflector made from a thin reflecting foil, with the actuationelement 260 mounted or printed onto the backside of the reflector 235 ina multiplicity of locations. Such mirrors can provide for active changesof the reflecting surface in arbitrary fashion which, in turn, allowsfor steering of the beam emitted by the light source 205 (via thecontroller 255).

In some variations, the controller 255 can make a determination that abeam path should be steered based on an intensity level detected by thedetector 210 without reference to spatial location of such beam. Forexample, the intensity level can indicate that a center of the beam hasdiverged and/or that there is some optical diffraction or interferencealong the beam path. The intensity level detected by the detector 210can be compared to a single intensity value at a single light frequencyand/or detected intensity can be compared to a frequency profile (whichcan be generated during calibration of the spectrometer, etc.).Deviations from such pre-set frequency or the frequency profile can beused to trigger beam steering.

In addition or in the alternative, the controller 255 can make adetermination that a beam path should be steered based on a position ofthe beam as detected by the detector 210. With such latter variations,an array of photoreceivers and/or a detector with an array of cells canbe used. For example, the detector 210 can be a quad cell detectorand/or a position sensing photodiode, or a linear or 2D array ofphotoreceivers. With the example of a quad cell detector, the positionof the center point of the emitted beam can be determined by acomparison of the detected signals from each cell. Horizontal positionof the center point can be calculated by[(cell₂+cell₄)−(cell₁+cell₃)]/(cell₁+cell₂+cell₃+cell₄) and the verticalposition of the center point can be calculated by[(cell₁+cell₂)−(cell₃+cell₄)]/(cell₁+cell₂+cell₃+cell₄). In anotherexample, the position sensitive detector can be a detector which detectsthe x and y position as well as the x and y angles of the beam.Furthermore, a multi-element linear detector array can be used todetermine the beam position. In another variation, a 2-dimensionaldetector array can be used to determine the beam position. With suchspatially sensitive detectors, a pre-defined position (along two or moredimensions) and/or pre-defined angle (as specified by two or moredimensions) can be maintained via the controller 255 and the actuationelement 260.

The volume 220 can be maintained at a stable temperature and pressure.Alternatively, the volume 220 can include one or more temperature and/orpressure sensors to determine a current temperature and pressure withinthat volume for use in one or more calculations to compensate fortemperature and/or pressure changes relative to a validation orcalibration condition of the spectroscopic instrument. Furthermore, thevolume 220 can be adjusted to preset temperature and pressure by heatingelements and pressure control elements or mass flow controllers.

The controller 255, or alternatively one or more other processors thatare either collocated with the other components or in wireless, wired,etc. communication therewith, can perform the processing functionsdiscussed above in reference to the method illustrated in FIG. 1.

One or more aspects or features of the subject matter described hereincan be realized in digital electronic circuitry, integrated circuitry,specially designed application specific integrated circuits (ASICs),field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) computer hardware, firmware,software, and/or combinations thereof. These various aspects or featurescan include implementation in one or more computer programs that areexecutable and/or interpretable on a programmable system including atleast one programmable processor, which can be special or generalpurpose, coupled to receive data and instructions from, and to transmitdata and instructions to, a storage system, at least one input device,and at least one output device. The programmable system or computingsystem may include clients and servers. A client and server aregenerally remote from each other and typically interact through acommunication network. The relationship of client and server arises byvirtue of computer programs running on the respective computers andhaving a client-server relationship to each other.

These computer programs, which can also be referred to as programs,software, software applications, applications, components, or code,include machine instructions for a programmable processor, and can beimplemented in a high-level procedural language, an object-orientedprogramming language, a functional programming language, a logicalprogramming language, and/or in assembly/machine language. As usedherein, the term “machine-readable medium” refers to any computerprogram product, apparatus and/or device, such as for example magneticdiscs, optical disks, memory, and Programmable Logic Devices (PLDs),used to provide machine instructions and/or data to a programmableprocessor, including a machine-readable medium that receives machineinstructions as a machine-readable signal. The term “machine-readablesignal” refers to any signal used to provide machine instructions and/ordata to a programmable processor. The machine-readable medium can storesuch machine instructions non-transitorily, such as for example as woulda non-transient solid-state memory or a magnetic hard drive or anyequivalent storage medium. The machine-readable medium can alternativelyor additionally store such machine instructions in a transient manner,such as for example as would a processor cache or other random accessmemory associated with one or more physical processor cores.

To provide for interaction with a user, one or more aspects or featuresof the subject matter described herein can be implemented on a computerhaving a display device, such as for example a cathode ray tube (CRT) ora liquid crystal display (LCD) or a light emitting diode (LED) monitorfor displaying information to the user and a keyboard and a pointingdevice, such as for example a mouse or a trackball, by which the usermay provide input to the computer. Other kinds of devices can be used toprovide for interaction with a user as well. For example, feedbackprovided to the user can be any form of sensory feedback, such as forexample visual feedback, auditory feedback, or tactile feedback; andinput from the user may be received in any form, including, but notlimited to, acoustic, speech, or tactile input. Other possible inputdevices include, but are not limited to, touch screens or othertouch-sensitive devices such as single or multi-point resistive orcapacitive trackpads, voice recognition hardware and software, opticalscanners, optical pointers, digital image capture devices and associatedinterpretation software, and the like.

In the descriptions above and in the claims, phrases such as “at leastone of” or “one or more of” may occur followed by a conjunctive list ofelements or features. The term “and/or” may also occur in a list of twoor more elements or features. Unless otherwise implicitly or explicitlycontradicted by the context in which it is used, such a phrase isintended to mean any of the listed elements or features individually orany of the recited elements or features in combination with any of theother recited elements or features. For example, the phrases “at leastone of A and B;” “one or more of A and B;” and “A and/or B” are eachintended to mean “A alone, B alone, or A and B together.” A similarinterpretation is also intended for lists including three or more items.For example, the phrases “at least one of A, B, and C;” “one or more ofA, B, and C;” and “A, B, and/or C” are each intended to mean “A alone, Balone, C alone, A and B together, A and C together, B and C together, orA and B and C together.” In addition, use of the term “based on,” aboveand in the claims is intended to mean, “based at least in part on,” suchthat an unrecited feature or element is also permissible.

The subject matter described herein can be embodied in systems,apparatus, methods, and/or articles depending on the desiredconfiguration. The implementations set forth in the foregoingdescription do not represent all implementations consistent with thesubject matter described herein. Instead, they are merely some examplesconsistent with aspects related to the described subject matter.Although a few variations have been described in detail above, othermodifications or additions are possible. In particular, further featuresand/or variations can be provided in addition to those set forth herein.For example, the implementations described above can be directed tovarious combinations and subcombinations of the disclosed featuresand/or combinations and subcombinations of several further featuresdisclosed above. In addition, the logic flows depicted in theaccompanying figures and/or described herein do not necessarily requirethe particular order shown, or sequential order, to achieve desirableresults. Other implementations may be within the scope of the followingclaims.

The invention claimed is:
 1. An apparatus comprising: a light sourceconfigured to emit a beam into an open path volume containing anabsorbing medium; a first detector configured to detect at least aportion of the beam emitted by the light source, wherein the lightsource and the first detector are disposed on opposing sides of the openpath volume; at least one actuation element configured to selectivelycause the beam emitted by the light source to be steered; and acontroller in communication with the at least one actuation element, thecontroller configured to: determine that a path of the beam should besteered based on at least one of an intensity level and/or a position ofthe beam detected by the first detector; identify a divergence of thepath of the beam and/or optical diffraction and/or an interference alongthe path of the beam; and cause the at least one actuation element tosteer the beam to adjust the position and/or an angle of the beam tocorrect the divergence and/or the optical diffraction and/or theinterference along the path of the beam in response to the positionand/or an angle of the beam detected by the first detector.
 2. Theapparatus of claim 1, further comprising a beam splitting element and asecond detector, wherein the beam splitting element is disposed alongthe path of the beam between the light source and the first detector andis configured to direct a first portion of the beam to the firstdetector and a second portion of the beam to the second detector.
 3. Theapparatus of claim 2, wherein the first detector and the second detectorare the same type of detector.
 4. The apparatus of claim 2, wherein thefirst detector is configured to generate a signal representative of theintensity level of the first portion of the beam, and the seconddetector is configured to generate a signal representative of theposition of the second portion of the beam.
 5. The apparatus of claim 2,wherein the first detector and/or second detector includes an array ofphotoreceivers, a multi-element photoreceiver, a quadrant detectorand/or at least one position sensing photodiode.
 6. The apparatus ofclaim 2, wherein the first detector and/or second detector include anindium gallium arsenide (InGaAs) detector, an indium arsenide (InAs)detector, an indium phosphide (InP) detector, a silicon (Si) detector, asilicon germanium (SiGe) detector, a germanium (Ge) detector, a mercurycadmium telluride detector (HgCdTe or MCT), a lead sulfide (PbS)detector, a lead selenide (PbSe) detector, a thermopile detector, amulti-element array detector, a single element detector, a CMOS(complementary metal oxide semiconductor) detector, a CCD (chargecoupled device detector) detector, and/or a photo-multiplier.
 7. Theapparatus of claim 1, wherein the light source includes one or more of atunable diode laser, a tunable semiconductor laser, a quantum cascadelaser, an intra-band cascade laser (ICL), a vertical cavity surfaceemitting laser (VCSEL), a horizontal cavity surface emitting laser(HCSEL), a distributed feedback laser, a light emitting diode (LED), asuper-luminescent diode, an amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) source,a gas discharge laser, a liquid laser, a solid state laser, a fiberlaser, a color center laser, an incandescent lamp, a discharge lamp anda thermal emitter.
 8. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the at least oneactuation element is coupled to the light source, a transmissive opticalelement and/or the first detector.
 9. The apparatus of claim 1, whereinthe absorbing medium includes a gas, a liquid, a reflective media, anemitting media, and/or a Raman active media.
 10. The apparatus of claim1, wherein the at least one actuation element includes at least onepiezo element.
 11. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the at least oneactuation element comprises a stepper motor, an electro-opticalactuator, an acousto-optical actuator, a micro-electro-mechanicalsystems (MEMS) actuation device, an inch-worm, a mechanical actuator, amagnetic actuator, an electrostatic actuator, an inductive actuator, arotary actuator, a heated actuator, a pressure actuator, a stress andstrain actuator, and/or an analog motor.
 12. The apparatus of claim 1,wherein the at least one actuation element comprises or is coupled to aprism, an etalon, a lens, one or more gratings, a diffractive opticalelement, a reflector, a birefringent element, a crystal element, anamorphous element, an electro-optic element, an acousto-optic element,an optical window, an optical wedge, a waveguide, an adjustablewaveguide, an electrically manipulated waveguide, and/or an airwaveguide.
 13. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the steering of thebeam includes adjusting the position of the beam in accordance with apre-defined x-y position and/or adjusting the angle of the beam inaccordance with a pre-defined x-y angle.
 14. The apparatus of claim 1,wherein the controller is further configured to cause the at least oneactuation element to maintain the position of the beam at a pre-definedx-y position and/or maintain the angle of the beam at a pre-defined x-yangle.
 15. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the open path volume is aprocess line, pipeline, tube, channel, duct, stack, tank and/orcontainer.
 16. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the open path volumedefines an area and/or a boundary within the ambient environment to bemonitored.
 17. A method comprising: emitting, by a light source, a beaminto an open path containing an absorbing medium; traversing the openpath by the beam a single time in an open path system configuration;splitting the beam emitted by the light source into a first portion anda second portion using a beam splitting element; detecting, by a firstdetector, the first portion of the beam; detecting, by a seconddetector, the second portion of the beam; determining, by a controller,that a path of the beam should be steered based on at least one of anintensity level and a position of the beam, the determining includingidentifying a divergence in the path of the beam, an optical diffractionalong the path of the beam, and/or the interference along the path ofthe beam; and selectively steering, by at least one actuation element incommunication with the controller, the beam to adjust a the positionand/or an angle of the beam, the position and/or the angle of the beambeing adjusted to correct the divergence, the optical diffraction,and/or the interference, the beam being steered in response to theposition and/or the angle of the beam as determined by the first portionof the beam detected by the first detector.
 18. The method of claim 17,wherein the open path is defined by a process line, pipeline, tube,channel, duct, stack, tank and/or container or by a boundary of an areawithin the ambient environment to be monitored.
 19. The method of claim17, wherein the first detector is configured to generate a signalrepresentative of the position of the first portion of the beam, and thesecond detector is configured to generate a signal representative of theintensity level of the second portion of the beam.
 20. The method ofclaim 17, wherein the at least one actuation element is coupled to thelight source and/or the second detector.